Urinary Tract Infection (UTI for short) is a serious health problem that affects millions of people around the world each year. Normal urine is sterile; it contains fluids, salts and waste products, but it is free of bacteria, viruses and fungi. An infection occurs when microorganisms, usually bacteria from the digestive tract, cling to the opening of the urethra and begin to multiply. The infection will cause leucocytes and/or nitrite to appear in urine

This test helps detect signs of liver dysfunction by identifying bilirubin and urobilinogen in the urine—key indicators of liver diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, and liver cancer. Elevated bilirubin levels may cause jaundice and signal impaired liver function or bile duct obstruction. The presence of urobilinogen helps distinguish liver failure from other conditions like red blood cell breakdown (hemolysis).

Ketones are substances produced by the liver when the body breaks down fat for energy, typically because it doesn’t have enough glucose available. This can happen during prolonged fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, intense exercise, or uncontrolled diabetes. Under normal conditions, only very small amounts of ketones are found in the body, and they are not typically present in urine. However, when ketone production increases significantly, they can spill over into the urine - a condition known as ketonuria. The presence of ketones in urine may indicate that the body is using fat instead of carbohydrates for energy and, in some cases, may be a warning sign of a serious condition like diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), especially in people with diabetes or those on keto diet.

Proteins, such as albumin, are essential components of the blood and play important roles in maintaining fluid balance, transporting substances, and supporting the immune system. Under normal conditions, these proteins are too large to pass through the tiny filters in the kidneys, called glomeruli, and are retained in the bloodstream. However, if the kidneys become damaged or their filtering function is impaired, these proteins can begin to leak into the urine - a condition known as proteinuria. The presence of protein in the urine is not normal and may be an early sign of kidney disease or other health problems, such as high blood pressure or diabetes. Detecting proteinuria can help identify kidney issues at an early stage, allowing for timely intervention and management

Ovulation is the release of an egg from the ovary. In order for pregnancy to occur, sperm must fertilize the egg within 24 hours after its release. Immediately prior to ovulation, the body produces a large amount of Luteinizing Hormone (LH), which triggers the release of a ripened egg from the ovary. This is known as “LH surge” and usually takes place in the middle of the menstrual cycle signaling that ovulation is most likely to occur in the next 24 - 36 hours. This period is considered to be the most fertile time during which pregnancy is most likely to occur.

When a woman becomes pregnant, her body produces a special pregnancy hormone known as hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin). With time, the level of hCG hormone increases in blood and starts to appear in urine

During fertility age, women experience regular menstruation cycles (bleeding) as a positive indication of their fertility and normal health conditions. The regularity of these menstruation cycles is maintained by the balance of four hormones, namely Estrogen, Progesterone, Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH). Menstruation cycles normally stop during pregnancy but also become less regular (a condition known as menopause) with age when the body fails to maintain the balance in the levels of these hormones. FSH exists in higher levels than normal during perimenopause and menopause. Detection of high FSH level in urine is commonly used as a tool to determine perimenopause and menopause.